Synthesis and analysis of phase segregation of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer obtained by Steglich esterification from semitelechelic blocks of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)

Here, an alternative route to successfully synthesize polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) is reported. Steglich esterification was used as an effective, metal free approach for coupling carboxylic terminated PS and the hydroxyl end-functionalized PMMA chains obtained by nitroxide-mediated polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, respectively. α-Functionalization was obtained using 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) and 2,2,2-tribromoethanol as initiators. The synthesis of PS-b-PMMA was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), while the dependence of the diffusion coefficients of the polymers (PS, PMMA, PS/PMMA blend, and PS-b-PMMA) with their corresponding molecular weights was discussed based on the results of atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and spectra of diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. Differently from PS-b-PMMA, a partial segregation was observed for the PS/PMMA blend, affecting its thermal behavior and diffusion coefficient. The study here presented provides an easier and efficient strategy for the synthesis of PS-b-PMMA and new insights into the diffusion of polymers.     

Electrospinning superhydrophobic–superoleophilic PVDF-SiO2 nanofibers membrane for oil–water separation

Oil–water separation has attracted research interest due to the damages of oily wastewater caused to the environment and human beings. Electrospun fiber membrane has high oil–water separation performance. A nanofibers membrane with multi-stage roughness was prepared by electrospinning using poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)-silica blend solution as raw material. The result shows that the water contact angle (WCA) of the nanofibers membrane was promoted from 138.5 ± 1° to 150.0 ± 1.5° when the SiO₂ content was increased from 0 to 3 wt%. The nanofibers membranes exhibited excellent separation efficiency (99 ± 0.1%) under gravity drive, with high separation flux of 1857 ± 101 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹. More importantly, the obtained PVDF-SiO₂ nanofibers membranes showed excellent multi-cycle performance and stable chemical resistance, which would make them great advantages for the practical application of oil–water separation.     

A comprehensive thermal analysis for the fast discharging process of a Li-ion battery module with liquid cooling

Appropriate temperature range and distribution is necessary for Li-ion battery module, especially in real application of electric vehicles and other energy storage devices. In this study, a comprehensive design of liquid cooling–based thermal management system for a Li-ion battery module's fast discharging process is investigated, and thermal analysis and numerical computation are conducted. The effects of different flow directions, different shapes of the liquid channels, different widths of channels, different thicknesses of cold plate, and the comparison between uniform and nonuniform channels' distribution are analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the liquid cooling system provides acceptable cooling performance in preventing heat runaway of the battery module under 5C discharging current rate. A five-channel cooling plate can reduce the maximum temperature with appropriate design. Additionally, specific flow direction mini-channels, different shapes of the liquid-channels, and nonuniform channels are designed to compare the maximum temperature and uniformity of temperature distribution in the module. Maximum temperature can be improved through the increase of channel width and thickness of the cooling plate. The original design is proved to be the best design considering the maximum temperature, maximum temperature deviation, and final temperature standard deviation of the fast discharging process.     

费托合成尾气脱碳工艺选择及试车问题分析与优化

综述了不同尾气脱碳工艺的优缺点及适用条件,指出热钾碱法是目前较适用于大型费托合成尾气中CO2脱除的方法。介绍了处理尾气规模为60万m3/h的某热钾碱脱碳工艺流程,针对该装置在投料试车过程中出现的再生系统能耗高、费托合成尾气水洗效果差、吸收塔填料易堵塞及再生气排放非甲烷总烃超标等问题,进行了原因分析,并提出了一系列工艺调整及设备改造措施。实际运行结果表明,所采取的优化措施能够有效解决上述问题。     

油藏开发地质勘探的常见问题分析

就油藏开发地质勘探的常见问题进行分析,从油藏开发的分类、油藏开发程序以及油藏储量计算等方面综合考虑影响油藏开发的因素,为现实油藏开发工程提供理论依据,提升油藏开发技术水准。     

运行参数对煤层气空化喷嘴性能的影响

针对传统提高煤层气采收率方法对煤层损伤较大等问题,根据水力空化射流产生空化波来改造储层、促进煤层瓦斯解吸,提高采收率的增产思路,采用混合多相流数值模拟方法,研究了煤层气增产的水力空化工具两个主要工艺参数(入口流速、出口围压)对其空化性能的影响,并通过进行室内实验的方式对模拟结果进行验证。结果表明:在入口流速达到40m/s之后增速趋于平缓,可视为最佳入口流速;同时随着围压的增大,空化能力降低,但可通过适当提高入口流速减弱围压提高带来的抑制效果。     

煤 /重油加氢共炼中SDBS对煤担载铁镍催化剂的改性效果

以广西褐煤为载体煤,铁盐和镍盐为活性组分,考察了以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为表面活性剂,对沉淀-氧化法制备煤担载型铁镍催化剂(FeNi/C)的影响以及制备的催化剂在煤/重油加氢共炼中的反应性能。采用XRD和TEM分析了FeNi和FeNi-SDBS的物相组成与微观形貌变化,并以SEM-mapping手段对比了Fe元素和Ni元素在FeNi/C及FeNi-SDBS/C表面的分散效果,采用高压釜实验评价了不同催化剂的反应性能,并对反应后的固体产物采用元素分析、FTIR和SEM进行组成和结构性质研究。结果表明:SDBS的加入显著降低了催化剂的平均粒径,α/γ-FeOOH和Fe0.67Ni0.33OOH等活性相的晶体结构特征减弱,在载体煤上得到了更好的分散效果;FeNi-SDBS/C催化剂相比FeNi/C催化剂有更高的油收率和干基无灰煤转化率,催化活性明显提高;采用SDBS改性的催化剂反应后得到固体产物的n(H)∶n(C)高、脂肪链长度低、芳环取代度大、结构疏松且平均粒径小,表面改性后的FeNi-SDBS/C催化剂拥有更强的促进煤加氢转化和抑制体系缩合生焦的作用。     

方腔内耦合传热传质非对称流动数值模拟

对带有质热源的方腔内流体传热传质进行数值研究。针对不同Ra、Nc、Sr和Df，探究对称方腔内流体传热传质的分岔特性。结果表明：存在临界Ra_c使流体流动形态发生转变，当Ra<Ra_c时，流体流线、温度场和浓度场对称分布；当Ra>Ra_c时，流体发生偏斜。增大浮升力，流体更易发生分岔现象。增强Soret和Dufour效应可增强传热对称性并增大流体发生分岔的临界Rayleigh数。     

Grain size effect on microwave dielectric properties of Na2WO4 ceramics prepared by cold sintering process

In this work, cold sintering was adopted to prepare Na₂WO₄ ceramics with different grain sizes ranging from 0.632 μm to 17.825 μm. Their microstructures, complex impedance, and microwave dielectric properties were studied in-depth. It was found that samples with relative densities higher than 92% can be successfully synthesized by cold sintering process at a low temperature of 240 °C. However, their electrical properties have strong dependence on the grain size. Specifically, the resistance of grain boundaries decreases dramatically with the increase of grain sizes, while the quality factor has a positive correlation with the grain sizes of Na₂WO₄ ceramics. Excellent microwave dielectric properties, including permittivity = 5.80, Q × f = 22,000 GHz, and TCF = −70 ppm/°C, are obtained for Na₂WO₄ ceramics with a grain size of 4.477 μm prepared by cold sintering process.     

FDM 3D打印工艺参数对PLA制件力学性能的影响

采用五因素四水平正交试验设计,对16组不同工艺参数(打印层厚、填充密度、打印温度、填充速度、外壳厚度)的FDM 3D打印聚乳酸(PLA)制件力学性能进行了测试和结果分析,确定了影响PLA制件力学性能的主要因素,其中,外壳厚度对制件力学性能影响最为明显,打印温度影响最小,同时分析得到了在打印层厚0.15 mm,填充密度40%,打印温度210℃,填充速度60 mm/s,外壳厚度1.6 mm条件下可获得力学性能最佳的制件。最后对试验数据进行回归分析,拟合得到了FDM打印工艺参数与PLA制件力学性能指标的数学模型;通过对不同打印工艺参数的试样进行试验验证,表明该模型拟合误差小(5%以内),可靠性高,可用来对FDM 3D打印制件的加工提供参考。